Anti-tumor mechanism of sesquiterpenoids from Cryptoporus volvatus based on molecular docking / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To identify the target genes mediating anti-tumor effect of sesquiterpenoids from Cryptoporus volvatus and explore the possible mechanism using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation.@*METHODS@#Based on the chemical structure of sesquiterpenes from C. volvatus, we explored the online reverse target finding websites PharmMapper, SEA, Target Hunter and related literature for preliminary prediction of possible anti-tumor targets. Discovery Studio 4.0 (Libdock function) and Maestro 12.3 were used to connect sesquiterpenes with the possible targets, and the potential targets were selected according to the scores. The interaction between the sesquiterpenes and the targets were analyzed using 2D interaction diagram, and the influence of different sesquiterpene skeletons on their activity was inferred based on their activity measurements in experiment. Kinetic simulation was performed for front-end protein sequence (1UNQ) of the Akt (protein kinase B) and for the complex formed by 1UNQ and compound 4 (which had the best cytotoxic activity in vitro) in its optimal conformation, and the root mean square deviation (RMSD) value and root mean square float (RMSF) value of the complex and 1UNQ were measured to evaluate the stability of the binding of compound 4 to the target.@*RESULTS@#The sesquiterpenes showed optimal binding with 1UNQ. Analysis of 2D interaction diagram suggested that the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic force were the most important forces mediating the interaction between the sesquiterpenes and 1UNQ. Analysis of the optimal 3D conformation showed that for different sesquiterpenes, a slight change of the molecular framework produced a steric hindrance effect and caused changes in their bioactivity. Kinetic simulation showed that the complex formed by compound 4 and1UNQ had a lower RMSD than the target pure protein sequence, indicating that compound 4 could stably bind to 1UNQ. The anti-tumor effect of the sesquiterpenoids from C. volvatus was associated with their ability to cause Lys-144 acetylation, which blocks Akt binding to the downstream PIP3 and thus affects the proliferation of tumor cells.@*CONCLUSION@#1UNQ is the target of sesquiterpenoids from C. volvatus, which affects the proliferation of tumor cells by acetylating Lys-14.

Acetyl Eburicoic Acid from Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus Suppresses Inflammation in Murine Macrophage RAW 264.7 Cells

The basidiomycete Laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus belongs to the Aphyllophorales, Polyporaceae, and grows on the needleleaf tree. The fruiting bodies of Laetiporus species are known to produce N-methylated tyramine derivatives, polysaccharides, and various lanostane triterpenoids. As part of our ongoing effort to discover biologically active compounds from wood-rotting fungi, an anti-inflammatory triterpene, LSM-H7, has been isolated from the fruiting body of L. sulphureus var. miniatus and identified as acetyl eburicoic acid. LSM-H7 dose-dependently inhibited the NO production in RAW 264.7 cells without any cytotoxicity at the tested concentrations. Furthermore it suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, when compared with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. These data suggest that LSM-H7 is a crucial component for the anti-inflammatory activity of L. sulphureus var. miniatus.

Methyl 9-Oxo-(10E,12E)-octadecadienoate Isolated from Fomes fomentarius Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response by Blocking Phosphorylation of STAT3 in Murine Macrophages

Fomes fomentarius is a fungus of the Polyporaceae family and is used in traditional oriental therapies. Although the anti-inflammatory activities of this species have been previously reported, the identity of the bioactive compounds responsible for this activity remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether methyl 9-oxo-(10E,12E)-octadecadienoate (FF-8) purified from F. fomentarius exerts anti-inflammatory activity in murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). FF-8 suppressed secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 through downregulation of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression induced by LPS. In addition, pretreatment of cells with FF-8 led to a reduction in levels of secreted inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in macrophages stimulated with LPS. Conversely, FF-8 did not affect nuclear factor kappaB, p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways. Instead, FF-8 specifically interfered with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation induced by LPS. Collectively, this study demonstrated that FF-8 purified from F. fomentarius suppresses inflammatory responses in macrophages stimulated with LPS by inhibiting STAT3 activation. Further studies will be required to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effect of FF-8 in vivo.

Triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus protect mice against oxidative damage induced by CCl4 / 药学学报

To investigate the effects of lanosterol (1), inotodiol (2) and trametenolic acid (3) from Inonotus obliquus against oxidative damage induced by CCl4 in mice, 1, 2 and 3 (20, 10 and 5 mg x kg(-1)) were respectively administered to mice, once a day for 3 days. Then the mice were induced to oxidative damage by CCl4 on the third day 30 min after the administration. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reductive glutathione (GSH) in serum and liver homogenate were determined. And the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in serum were detected. The results showed that treatment with compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly increase the activities of SOD, CAT and GSH-PX in serum and liver homogenate. Furthermore, the content of GSH in serum and liver homogenate increased and MDA content decreased markedly. In addition, compound 1, 2 and 3 could significantly inhibit the activities of ALT and AST in serum, and decrease the IL-6 concentration in serum remarkably. So, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect mice against oxidative stress injury induced by CCl4. Furthermore, compound 1, 2 and 3 can protect cells from damage through inhibition on ALT, AST and the expression of IL-6.

Distribución de Macrohongos (Agaricomycetes) en remanentes de bosque de la zona de influencia del parque Nacional Lachuá, Cobán, Alta Verapaz

Para entender cómo la geometría y el tamaño de los remanentes de bosque afectan la distribución de macrohongos, se tomó como muestra ocho remanentes de la zona de influencia -ZI- del Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá -PNLL- cuatro con geometría rectangular y cuatro con geometría cuadrada. Además de la geometría, se determinaron dos tamaños de remanentes en la muestra total, cuatro de tamaño grande y cuatro de tamaño pequeño. En cada uno de ellos se establecieron dos transectos perpendiculares que atravesaron el largo y ancho del remanente, sobre el transecto, cada 5 metros se establecieron parcelas circulares de 5m2, colectándose el total de macrohongos encontrados. Se midieron factores fisicoquímicos que podrían estar condicionados por el tamaño y forma del remanente boscoso y por lo tanto influyen en la distribución de hongos; entre ellos: densidad de luz en el dosel, composición fisicoquímica del suelo y materia orgánica, y presencia de árboles con diámetro a la aaltura del pecho -DAP- mayor a 10...

The Wood-rotting Fungal Flora of Three Islands in the Yellow Sea, Korea

The wood-rotting fungi of three Korean islands in the Yellow Sea, Soyeonpyung-do (SY), Oeyeon-do (OY), and Gageo-do (GG), were investigated from October 2004 to November 2005. During four sampling trips on each island, a total of 46, 44, and 44 specimens were collected from SY, OY, and GG, respectively. The identified wood-rotting fungi from SY included 29 species of 22 genera and nine families; OY had 31 species of 26 genera and 10 families; and GG had 34 species of 27 genera and 11 families. The majority of the fungi were in the Polyporaceae, which was represented by 23 genera and 30 species. Auricularia polytricha, Daedaleopsis tricolor, Daldinia concentrica, Hymenochaete cinnamomea, Hymenochaete yasudai, Hyphoderma setigerum, Lopharia mirabilis, Schizopora paradoxa, and Trametes versicolor were collected from all three islands.

Effect of Cryptoporus polysaccharide on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human alveolar epithelial cells / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of cryptoporus polysaccharide(CP)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)in human lung epithelial A549 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A549 cells were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of CP. The protein concentration and mRNA expression of MCP-1 were determined by enzyme-linked-immunosobent assay(ELISA)and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The protein concentration of MCP-1 was significantly increased by LPS 1000 microg/L at 24 h. There were no effects on the growth and viability of A549 cells in the presence of CP 100 microg/L or dexamethasone 1 mumol/L. However, CP 100 microg/L or dexamethasone 1 micromol/L significantly inhibited the protein concentration and mRNA expression of MCP-1 induced by LPS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CP can regulate MCP-1 production, which may be associated with its effects on lung inflammation.</p>

Separation and regeneration of protoplast from Phellinus igniarius / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the conditions on separation and regeneration of protoplast from Phellinus igniarius.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The effects of enzymolysis conditions of P. igniarius mycelia on yield of protoplast and culturing conditons on regeneration ratio of protoplast were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>When the 8 days-old mycelia was hydrolysed by 1.5% of lywallzyme adding to driselase of 0. 5% and at 30 degrees C for 3 h and enzymolysis was stablized by sucrose as a stablisher of osmotic pressure, higher yield of P. igniarius protoplast was obtained. If 10 days-old mycelia was used as raw material of enzymolysis and manntol was selected as stablisher of osmotic pressure of enzymolysis, higher regeneration ratio of P. igniarius protoplast also would be obtained in following regeneration step at same time keeping higher yield. For the regeneration processing, it was beneficial for the regeneration of P. igniarius protoplast that PDA plusing mulberry ramulus was used as the culture medium of regeneration and manntol was selected as the osmotic pressure establisher of regeneration culture medium.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method and conditions to keep both higher yield and regeneration ratio of P. igniarius protoplast were obtained.</p>

Study on anti-tumor effect of medicinal fungi Phellinus igniarius extracts / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the inhibiting effect of medicinal fungi Phellinus igniarius extracts on S180 tumor and the immunoregulation effect on the S180-induced tumor mice.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>S180 mice were orally given 100, 200, 400 mg x kg(-1) dosage of P. igniarius extracts, then the inhibition grow effect, spleen index, and thyme index were measured.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Medicinal fungi P. igniarius extracts can increase the spleen index and thyme index and the inhibiting tumor rate was 31.88%, 46.25%, 53.13%, respectively. Also, medicinal fungi P. igniarius extracts can prolong life in mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The medicinal fungi P. igniarius extracts show obviously anti-tumor effect and immunoregulation effect.</p>

Effects of companion fungus on several enzymatic activities of Grofola umbellata / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of companion fungus on several enzymatic activities of Grifola umbellata.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, proteinase and extracellular enzymes of G. umbellata were measured during dual culturing with companion fungus.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Companion fungus could induce the increase of chitinase and beta-1, 3-glucanase activities of G. umbellata. noevident changeswere found in proteinase activity. When in liquid culture, the activities of extracellular enzymes in dual cultured filtrate were between of these of G. umbellata and companion fungus in monocultures.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sclerotia differentiation related materials supplied by mutual nutritional supplement between G. umbellata and companion fungus conduce to sclerotial formation of G. umbellata.</p>

Bioremediation of paper and pulp mill effluents.

Pulp and paper mill effluents pollute water, air and soil, causing a major threat to the environment. Several methods have been attempted by various researchers throughout the world for the removal of colour from pulp and paper mill effluents. The biological colour removal process uses several classes of microorganisms--bacteria, algae and fungi--to degrade the polymeric lignin derived chromophoric material. White rot fungi such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Corius versicolor, Trametes versicolor etc., are efficient in decolourizing paper and pulp mill effluents. Gliocladium virens, a saprophytic soil fungus decolourised paper and pulp mill effluents by 42% due to the production of hemicellulase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase.

Studies on chemical constitutes of Phellinus igniarius / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents of Phellinus igniarius.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Compounds were isolated by nomal phasc sillica gel and Al2O3 chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including IR, MS and NMR.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Five flavonoids and two coumarins were isolated from Phellinus igniarius and their structures were identified as naringenin, sakuranetin, aromadendrin, folerogenin, eriodictyol, coumarin and scopoletin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All these compounds were obtained from this genus for the first time.</p>

A study on the chemical constituents from Polyporus ellissi / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents of Polyporus ellissi.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Silica gel column chromatography was applied for the isolation and purification of the constituents. The structures were established by means of spectroscopic and chemical data.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Six compounds were obtained and identified as cerebroside B (I), cerebroside D (II), ergosterol peroxide (III), 9(11)-dehydroergosterol peroxide (IV), mannitol (V) and palmitate-1-glycerol (VI).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compounds (I) and (II) were isolated from the genus Polyporus for the first time.</p>

Effect of Cryptoporus volvatus (Peck) Schear on leukotriene production from polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rats / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study action of Cryptoporus volvatus ferment substance (CVFS) on leukotriene production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The level of slow reaction substance (SRS) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in rats in vitro were determined with bioassay and HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CVFS 0.9, 2.7 g.kg-1 by ig significantly inhibited SRS and LTB4 production in PMNs in rats in vivo.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The inhibition effect of CVFS on SRS and LTB4 release may be related to its mechanism of anti-inflammation and anti-asthma.</p>

Effects of polysaccharides of Cryptoporus volvatus on bronchial hyperreasponsiveness and inflammatory cells in ovalbumin sensitized rats / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of polysaccharides of cultured Cryptoporus volvatus(CVPS) on airway hyperresponsiveness of ovalbumin-sensitized rats and to evaluate their mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Polysaccharides A, B (5mg/kg, 20mg/kg) and ketotifen(5mg/kg) or vehicle(same volume of saline) were administrated orally for 10 days in ovalbumin -sensitized rats, methacholine bronchial provocation tests were performed to determine airway hyperresponsiveness. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peritoneal lavage fluid were prepared after the animals were challenged by nebulized antigen. The differential white cell count in BALF,and the degranulated mast cell count as well as differential white cell count in peritoneal lavage fluid were performed.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Polysaccharides markedly inhibited the increased lung resistance and the decreased lung compliance induced by antigen challenge,significantly reduced total cell counts and absolute eosinophil counts in BALF(P<0.05); polysaccharides B was more effective than polysaccharides A. They also inhibited recruitment of inflammatory cells in peritoneal lavage fluid and inhibited the allergen-induced mast cell degranulation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Polysaccharides of CVPS inhibit airway hyperresponsiveness by stabilizing mast cell membranes and reducing infiltration and chemotaxis of eosinophils and may be developed as a potential anti-asthmatic drug.</p>

Inhibition of Cryptoporus volvatus ferment substance on release of leukotriene B4, C4 and D4 from neutrophils in rats in vitro / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study inhibitory the effects of Cryptoporus volvatus ferment substance(CVFS) on leukotriene production in vitro from neutrophils in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Neutrophil aggregation was induced by intraperitoneal injection of glycogen in rats. After 16 h, intraperitoneal lavage fluid(PLF) was collected and neutrophils were removed. Neutrophils were stimulated by calcium ionophore A23187 in vitro to produce leukotriene B(4), C(4), D(4). The concentrations of leukotriene B(4), C(4) and D(4) were measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).</p><p><b>RESULT</b>CVFS at 0.25, 1, 4 mg x L(-1)decreased leukotriene B(4), C(4), D(4) release from neutrophils in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibitory rate of CVFS 0.25, 1, 4 mg x L(-1 )on A23187-induced leukotriene B(4) production was 27.4%, 54.2% and 78.8%(P<0.05), respectively. Inhibitory rate of leukotriene C(4) production was 65.1%, 74.3 and 79.0%(P<0.05), respectively. Inhibitory rate of leukotriene D(4) production was 55.6%, 60.9% and 72.8%(P<0.05), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results suggest that suppression of leukotriene release may be a mechanism of the anti-inflammation and anti-asthma effects of CVFS.</p>

Oviposition attractancy of an infusion from a wood inhabiting fungus for vector mosquitoes.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Review of literature indicates that none of the chemicals so far studied for oviposition attractancy was found to be promising for operational use. Efforts are being made to find an effective substance to corner a large number of ovipositing females to selective breeding sites for ease of control operation. This will reduce insecticidal consumption and will be cost-effective. This study is aimed to evaluate the oviposition attractancy of aqueous infusion from a wood inhabiting fungus (Polyporus spp.) for vector mosquitoes both in the laboratory and under field conditions. METHODS: An aqueous infusion (10%) was prepared by soaking 10 g of fungal powder in 100 ml of chlorine-free tap water. The mixture was shaken thoroughly and filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The filtered infusion was tested for oviposition attractancy against vector mosquitoes both in the laboratory and under field conditions. RESULTS: The laboratory study on the dose-effect relationship indicated that at an optimum concentration of 4 ppm, maximum attractancy was observed. Water treated with aqueous fungal infusion (AFI) at 4 ppm received significantly more egg rafts/eggs of vector mosquitoes than other substrates like rearing water, natural breeding water and tap water. Trials conducted in the field showed that mud pots treated with AFI placed in both indoor and outdoor locations received significantly more Aedes aegypti eggs than the control. Similarly, treated pots placed in paddy fields attracted significantly more gravid Anopheles subpictus for oviposition than untreated pots. In contrast, the number of egg rafts of Culex quinquefasciatus laid in AFI treated pots was significantly less than in the control ones owing to strong natural olfactory factors associated with the breeding habitat. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results indicated that there is scope for developing a trap incorporating this oviposition attractant along with insect growth regulator(s) (IGR) for surveillance and/or control of Ae. aegypti and other vector mosquitoes breeding in paddy fields.

Phylogenetic Relationships of the Polyporaceae Based on Gene Sequences of Nuclear Small Subunit Ribosomal RNAs

The Polyporaceae is a chaotic mass of genera having poroid hymenophores in the Aphyllophorales. To classify the Polyporaceae into more natural groups, phylogenetic analyses were performed using nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Thirty-six species from the families of the Polyporaceae, the Hymenochaetaceae, the Ganodermataceae, the Corticiaceae, the Bondarzewiaceae, the Meruliaceae, the Steccherinaceae and the Lentinaceae were phylogenetically compared. By performing maximum parsimony analysis, seven phylogenetically meaningful groups were identified and discussed. The hyphal system, presence or absence of clamps, and the type of rot were found as important characters in defining the groups. Each group was phylogenetically significant enough to be a core member of each family when the Polyporaceae was split into smaller and more natural families.

Cinnabarin synthesis by "Pycnoporus sanguineus" strains antimicrobial astivity against bacteria from food products

Among three strains of "Pycnosporus sanguineus", MIP 89007 produced more cinnabarin than MIP 95001 and MIP 95002. The antimicrobial activity of cinnabarin was tesred against 11 species of bacteria isolated from food. "Bacillus cereus" and "Leuconostoc plantarum" were the most sensitive to cinnabarin, being inhibited by 0.0625 mg/ml. "Klebsiella pneumonia" was the least sensitive (>4.0 mg/ml).